Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin