Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin