Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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