Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin