One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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