One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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