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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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