As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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