“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook