“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook