“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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