“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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