“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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