“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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