“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
