“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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