Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin