Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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