The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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