The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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