“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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