By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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