Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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