The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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