A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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