A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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