The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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