The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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