The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
All substances are comprised of various elements in various…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
