The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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