The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin