Assessing Student Learning

As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…

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Legal Code

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…

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Control Valve Characterization

Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…

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Functional Diagrams: the Flow of Information within a Control System

A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…

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Directional Overcurrent (67) Protection

While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…

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Calibration Errors and Testing

The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…

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Actuator Bench-set

Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…

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Non-dispersive Luft Detector Spectroscopy

Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…

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Pressure-based Flowmeters

All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…

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Level Gauges (Sightglasses)

Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…

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Weighfeeders

A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…

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Temperature Sensor Accessories

One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…

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Measuring Electrical Conductivity

The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…

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Mathematical Problem-solving Techniques

Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…

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Transformer Basics and Principles of Operation

The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…

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Comparison of Op-Amp Circuits With Analogous Pneumatic Mechanisms

Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…

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Displacement and Displacer Level Instrumentation

Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…

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Non-contact Temperature Sensors

Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…

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PID Control Terminology

PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…

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Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs)

Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…

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