In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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