There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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