The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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