Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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