What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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