The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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