Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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