The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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