Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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