Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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