Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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