Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause much confusion…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
A very helpful method for understanding the operation of proportional,…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
