Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
