Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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