Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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