Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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