Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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