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Bi-metal Temperature Sensors

Textbook

Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…

Digital PID Algorithms

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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…

LRV and URV Settings, Digital Trim (Digital Transmitters)

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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…

VSD and VFD Motor Drive Features

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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…

Mathematical Problem-solving Techniques

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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…

Different PID Equations

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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…

Common Control Valve Problems

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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…

The s Variable: Euler’s Relation and Phasor Expressions of Waveforms

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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…

Zero and Span Adjustments (Analog Instruments)

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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to…

Pneumatic PID Controllers

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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…

Electrical Sensors: Potential Transformers (PTs) and Current Transformers (CTs)

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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…

Temperature Sensor Accessories

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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…

Dimensional Analysis

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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…

Pneumatic Actuator Response

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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…

Unit Conversions and Physical Constants

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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…

The International System of Units

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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…

Safety Gas Analyzers

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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…

Flow Measurement from Differential Pressure

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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe.…

General Problem-solving Techniques

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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…

Instantaneous and Time-overcurrent (50/51) Protection

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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…

Transmitter Damping Adjustments

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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…

Scientific System diagnosis and Scientific Reasoning

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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…

Concepts and Laws of Probability

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While the term “probability” may evoke images of…

Valve Seat Leakage

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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Data Link Layer

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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an…

Valve Failure Modes

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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…

What is Internet Protocol (IP)?

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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…

Mathematical Problem-solving Techniques

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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…

Displacement and Displacer Level Instrumentation

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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…

Directional Overcurrent (67) Protection

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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…

The Difference Between Series and Parallel Circuits

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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…

Ultrasonic (Sound) Echo Level Measurement

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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…

Pressure Sensor Accessories

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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…

Basic Components Common to all Radio Systems

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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…

Advantages and Disadvantages of Pneumatic Instruments

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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…

What is Electrical Power?

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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…

Safety Instrumented Functions and Systems

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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…

Practical Measures of Reliability

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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…

Measuring Electrical Conductivity

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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…

True Mass Flowmeters

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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…