Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin