Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
Control valves are subject to a number of common problems. This…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
