Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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