Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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