Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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