Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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