In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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