The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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