At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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