An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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