A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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