Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
