As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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