The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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