Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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