Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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