In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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