In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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