RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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