RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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