RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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