A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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