An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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