In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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