Safety Gas Analyzers

Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…

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Differential Pressure Transmitters

One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…

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Quantitative PID Tuning Procedures

A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…

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Controller Output Current Loops

The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…

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Thermistors and Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…

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Pipe and Pipe Fittings

Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…

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Electromagnetism Basics

The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…

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Proximity Switches

A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…

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Capacitive Level Measurement

Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…

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Basics of pH Measurement in Industrial Control

Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…

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FOUNDATION Fieldbus Design Philosophy

To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…

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Design-based Fortifications

A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…

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Understanding Electrical Power Grids

The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…

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Teaching Technical Practices (Labwork)

Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…

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Loop Diagrams (Loop Sheets)

Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…

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Pressure Sensor Accessories

Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…

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Common Educational Fallacies

When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…

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Actuator Bench-set

Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…

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AC Motor Braking

There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…

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Transformer Basics and Principles of Operation

The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…

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