Energy in Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…

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LRV and URV Settings, Digital Trim (Digital Transmitters)

The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…

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The HART Digital/Analog Hybrid Standard

A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…

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Temperature Switches

A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…

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Thermistors and Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…

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Positive Displacement Flowmeters

A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…

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The Difference Between Series and Parallel Circuits

In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…

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Laminar Flowmeters

A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…

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What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…

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Problem-solving by Simplification

A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…

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Mathematical Problem-solving Techniques

Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…

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Introduction to Power System Automation

Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…

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Molecular Quantities

Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…

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Calibration Procedures in Linear, Non-Linear and Discrete Instruments

As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…

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Instrument and Process Equipment Symbols

This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…

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Scientific System diagnosis and Scientific Reasoning

At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…

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Basics of Electrical Current

Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…

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Phasor Analysis of Transformer Circuits

Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…

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Chromatography: Methods, Detectors and Species

Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…

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Ladder Diagram (LD) Structure Commands

The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…

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