Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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