Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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