The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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