A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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