“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary)…
