RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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