In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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