As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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