Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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