Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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