Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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