Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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