Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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