Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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