Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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