A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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