An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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