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Periodic Table of the Elements

Textbook

All substances are comprised of various elements in various…

Instrument Identification Tags

Textbook

Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…

P, I, and D Responses Graphed

Textbook

Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…

Temperature Sensor Accessories

Textbook

One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…

Open-ended, Shorted and Properly Terminated Transmission Lines

Textbook

Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…

Legal Code

Textbook

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…

Comparison of Op-Amp Circuits With Analogous Pneumatic Mechanisms

Textbook

Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…

Colorimetric and Potentiometric pH Measurement

Textbook

pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…

Controller Output Current Loops

Textbook

The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…

What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

Textbook

A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…

Fundamental Principles of Industrial Instrumentation

Textbook

Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…

Cascade Control

Textbook

A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…

Differential Pressure Transmitters

Textbook

One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…

Integral (Reset) Control

Textbook

Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…

Digital Representation of Numerical Data

Textbook

Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…

True Mass Flowmeters

Textbook

Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…

Digital PID Algorithms

Textbook

Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…

Solenoid Valves

Textbook

A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…

Electromagnetism Basics

Textbook

The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…

Heuristic PID Tuning Procedures

Textbook

In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…

Common Control Valve Problems

Textbook

Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…

Safety Gas Analyzers

Textbook

Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…

Chemiluminescence Measurement

Textbook

Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…

Design-based Fortifications

Textbook

A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…

Laser Spectroscopy

Textbook

A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…

Equivalent Series and Parallel Circuits

Textbook

Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…

Fiber Optic Data Communication

Textbook

Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…

What are Simple Machines?

Textbook

A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…

Vibration Sensors

Textbook

Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…

On/off Control (Bang-bang Control)

Textbook

Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…

Learn Fundamental Principles, not Procedures

Textbook

“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…

Techniques for Analyzing Control Strategies

Textbook

Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…

Loop Diagrams (Loop Sheets)

Textbook

Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…

What is Internet Protocol (IP)?

Textbook

I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…

Basics of Electrical Current

Textbook

Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…

Phasor Analysis of Transformer Circuits

Textbook

Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…

Transformer Basics and Principles of Operation

Textbook

The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…

Transfer Function Analysis

Textbook

An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…

4 to 20 mA Analog Current Signals

Textbook

The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…

Fundamental Principles of Industrial Instrumentation

Textbook

Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…