In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary)…
Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
