Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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