An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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