Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph,…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
