As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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