When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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