The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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