All substances are comprised of various elements in various…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…