Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…