In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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