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Instrument and Process Equipment Symbols

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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…

Wastewater Disinfection Example

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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…

the Negative Consequences of Poor PID Controller Tuning

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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…

Pressure Switches

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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…

Filled-bulb Temperature Sensors

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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…

Sliding-stem Valves

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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…

Proportional-only Offset

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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…

Ladder Diagram (LD) Structure Commands

Textbook

The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…

Relating 4 to 20 mA Signals to Instrument Variables

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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…

The Concept of Differentiation

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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…

Teaching Technical Theory

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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…

Quantitative PID Tuning Procedures

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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…

Classical Mechanics

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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…

LRV and URV Settings, Digital Trim (Digital Transmitters)

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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…

Advantages and Disadvantages of Pneumatic Instruments

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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…

Pneumatic Actuator Response

Textbook

A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…

How Derivatives and Integrals Relate to One Another

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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…

Valve Packing

Textbook

Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…

Metric Prefixes and Prefix Scale

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Equivalent Series and Parallel Circuits

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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…

Introduction to Power System Automation

Textbook

Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…

Valve Seat Leakage

Textbook

In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…

Transmitter Damping Adjustments

Textbook

The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…

Elementary Thermodynamics

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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…

Process and Instrument Diagrams

Textbook

The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…

Level Gauges (Sightglasses)

Textbook

Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…

Basic Components Common to all Radio Systems

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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…

Velocity-based Flowmeters

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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…

Pneumatic Actuator Response

Textbook

A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…

Process Flow Diagrams

Textbook

To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…

Circuit Failure Analysis

Textbook

Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…

Basics of pH Measurement in Industrial Control

Textbook

Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…

Analog to Digital Conversion and ADCs

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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…

Different PID Equations

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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…

Comparison of Op-Amp Circuits With Analogous Pneumatic Mechanisms

Textbook

Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…

Vibration Sensors

Textbook

Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…

Quantitative PID Tuning Procedures

Textbook

A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…

Advantages and Disadvantages of Pneumatic Instruments

Textbook

The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…

Rotary-stem Valves

Textbook

A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…

Instrument Identification Tags

Textbook

Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…