Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin