Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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