The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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