PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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