The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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