A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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