A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
