An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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