A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
