A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin