As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
