A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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