One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
