Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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