The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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