The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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