One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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