In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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