In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on…
All substances are comprised of various elements in various…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
