Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
A very helpful method for understanding the operation of proportional,…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
A very helpful method for understanding the operation of proportional,…
