An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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