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Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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