RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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