A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to…
