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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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