An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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