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The s Variable: Euler’s Relation and Phasor Expressions of Waveforms

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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…

Problem-solving by Simplification

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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…

Analog Electronic PID Controllers

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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…

Phasors, Phase Shift and Phasor Algebra

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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…

Transmitter Damping Adjustments

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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…

Thermocouple Types, Junctions, Connector and Tip Styles

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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…

Practical Measures of Reliability

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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…

Transfer Function Analysis

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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…

Introduction to Protective Relaying

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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…

“Normal” status of a Process Switch

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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…

Elementary Thermodynamics

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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…

Common Diagnostic Mistakes in Control Systems

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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…

Pneumatic PID Controllers

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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Device Configuration and Commissioning

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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…

The Concept of Integration

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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…

Using Manometers for Measuring Pressure

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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…

Calibration Procedures in Linear, Non-Linear and Discrete Instruments

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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…

Practical Measures of Reliability

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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…

Digital Multimeter (DMM) Tips and Tricks

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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…

Teaching Technical Theory

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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…

Ratio Control

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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…

Non-dispersive Luft Detector Spectroscopy

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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…

Functional Diagrams: the Flow of Information within a Control System

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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…

Introduction to Inductors and Inductance

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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…

Flow Switches

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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…

Conservation Laws

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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created…

EIA/TIA-232, 422, and 485 Networks

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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…

Positive Displacement Flowmeters

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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…

Formulae for Common Chemical Compounds

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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…

Thermistors and Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…

Dimensional Analysis

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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…

Continuous Float Level Transmitters

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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…

Valve Failure Modes

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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…

Interconnected Generators

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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…

the Negative Consequences of Poor PID Controller Tuning

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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…

Unit Conversions and Physical Constants

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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…

Metering Pumps

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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…

Introduction to Inductors and Inductance

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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…

Boiler Water Level Control System Example

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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…

Solenoid Valves

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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…

Weighfeeders

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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the…

Numerical Integration

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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…

Analog Electronic PID Controllers

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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…

Understanding Area, Volume and Common Geometry

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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…

Level Switches

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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…

Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs)

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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…

Limit Switches

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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…

Standardized Volumetric Flow

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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…