In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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