Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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