Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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