Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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