Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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