Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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