In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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