Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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