Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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