A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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