Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin