Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
