Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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