Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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