Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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