Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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