Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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