Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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