Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin