The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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