One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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