Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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