As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin