A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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