One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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