The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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