There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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