One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
