The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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