One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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