In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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