In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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