An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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