“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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