Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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