Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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