Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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