Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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