Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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