Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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