RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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