RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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