RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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