RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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