RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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