RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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