RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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