RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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