RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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