I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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