The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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