RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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