RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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