Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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