Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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