I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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