One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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