Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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