A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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