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What is Internet Protocol (IP)?

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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…

Glossary of Cyber-security Terms

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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Device Configuration and Commissioning

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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…

Digital PID Controllers

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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Segment Troubleshooting

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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Physical Layer

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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…

Analog to Digital Conversion and ADCs

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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…

High-reliability Control Systems

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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…

Policy-based Fortifications

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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…

Chromatography: Methods, Detectors and Species

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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…

True Mass Flowmeters

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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…

ANSI/IEEE Function Number Codes

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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…

Digital Representation of Numerical Data

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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…

Pipe and Pipe Fittings

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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…

The HART Digital/Analog Hybrid Standard

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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…

Open-ended, Shorted and Properly Terminated Transmission Lines

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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus Design Philosophy

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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…

Teaching Technical Practices (Labwork)

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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…

EIA/TIA-232, 422, and 485 Networks

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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus Function Blocks

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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…

What is Internet Protocol (IP)?

Textbook

I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…

Chromatography: Methods, Detectors and Species

Textbook

Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…

Motives for Compromising the Security of an Industrial Control System

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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…

Digital Data Communication Theory

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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…

Introduction to Modbus

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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…

Ultrasonic (Sound) Echo Level Measurement

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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…

Design-based Fortifications

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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…

Glossary of Cyber-security Terms

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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…

WirelessHART Radio Communication Standard

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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…

Fiber Optic Data Communication

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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…

Policy-based Fortifications

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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…

Open-ended, Shorted and Properly Terminated Transmission Lines

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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…

Input/Output (I/O) Capabilities of PLCs

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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…

Supervisory Control

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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…

Ethernet networks: Repeaters, Cabling and Switching Hubs

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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…

Examples of PLC Systems

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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…

Digital PID Controllers

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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…

ANSI/IEEE Function Number Codes

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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…

Basics of Bridge Circuits

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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…

Introduction to Capacitors and Capacitance

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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…

Control Valve Characterization

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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…

Glossary of Cyber-security Terms

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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…

Thermistors and Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…

Displacement and Displacer Level Instrumentation

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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…

Introduction to Optical Analysis

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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…

Measuring Electrical Conductivity

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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…

Radiative Temperature Measurement

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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…

Level Sensor Accessories

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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…

Physics and Chemistry Terminology and Definitions

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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…

Phasor Analysis of Transformer Circuits

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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…

Mathematical Problem-solving Techniques

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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…

Digital PID Algorithms

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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…

True Mass Flowmeters

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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Traceability

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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…

DC Motor Speed Control

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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…

Mechanical Pressure Elements

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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…

Problem-solving by Simplification

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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…

Standardized Volumetric Flow

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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…

Control Valve Sizing

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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…