Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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