In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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