A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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