As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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