Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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