In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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