A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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