So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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