Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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