The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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