So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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