In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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