One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin