One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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