A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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