The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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