Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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