A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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