Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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