The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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