pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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