Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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