Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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