The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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