The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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