(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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