Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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