When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
