A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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