Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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