Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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