Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook