All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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