A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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