Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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