Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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