Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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