Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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