Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
