Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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