As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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