As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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