As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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