The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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