A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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