Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin