An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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