The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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