Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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