So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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