At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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