An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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