As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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