Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
All substances are comprised of various elements in various…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
