A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
