Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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