AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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