Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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