Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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