A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin