“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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