Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin