Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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