Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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