Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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