Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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