Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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