Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin