Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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