Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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