Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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