Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
