Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
