Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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