Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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