The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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