An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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