Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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