There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
Distance relaying is used to detect faults on long-distance lines,…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Potential transformers step voltage up or down to prioritize…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
