An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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