Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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