The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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