All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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