Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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