There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
