Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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