Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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