Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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