Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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