Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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