Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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