Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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