A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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