A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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