Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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