Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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