Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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