Digital Representation of Numerical Data

Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…

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Measuring Electrical Conductivity

The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…

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References

Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…

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Relay Circuits and Ladder Diagrams

Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…

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Periodic Table of the Elements

All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…

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Tube and Tube Fittings

Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…

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Learn Fundamental Principles, not Procedures

“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…

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Feedforward Control

“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…

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Fluorescence Measurement

When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…

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Distance (21) Protection

A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…

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P, I, and D Responses Graphed

Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…

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Teaching Technical Theory

Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…

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Phasors, Phase Shift, and Phasor Algebra

Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…

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The Stuxnet Virus

In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…

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Digital Representation of Numerical Data

Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…

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Conservation Laws

The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…

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Structured Text (ST) Programming

(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)

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Phasor Analysis of Transformer Circuits

Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…

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Differential Pressure Transmitters

One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…

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Electromagnetism Basics

The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…

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Metric Prefixes and Prefix Scale

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