Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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