Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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