Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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