Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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