Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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