One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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