The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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