A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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