One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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