One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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