The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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