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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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