Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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