The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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