Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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