The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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