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Digital PID Algorithms

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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…

Polyphase AC Power

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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…

Digital PID Controllers

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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus Function Blocks

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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…

Basics of pH Measurement in Industrial Control

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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…

Ladder Diagram (LD) Structure Commands

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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…

Analog Electronic PID Controllers

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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…

Electrical Sensors: Potential Transformers (PTs) and Current Transformers (CTs)

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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…

Calibration Standards to Produce and Measure Physical Quantities

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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…

Common Control Valve Problems

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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…

Ultrasonic (Sound) Echo Level Measurement

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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…

Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs)

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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…

Velocity-based Flowmeters

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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…

Logic Programming in PLCs

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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…

Introduction to Optical Analysis

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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…

High-reliability Control Systems

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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…

Thermocouple Types, Junctions, Connector and Tip Styles

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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…

Ladder Diagram (LD) Programming Contacts and Coils

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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…

Feedforward with Dynamic Compensation

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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…

Teaching Diagnostic Principles and Practices

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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…

Control Valve Characterization

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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…

On/off Electric Motor Control Circuits

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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…

Basic Feedback Control Principles

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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…

Electrical Sources and Electronic Load

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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…

Zero and Span Adjustments (Analog Instruments)

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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to…

How to Teach Yourself PLC Programming

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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Segment Troubleshooting

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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…

The Concept of Differentiation

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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…

Legal Code

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…

The Stuxnet Virus

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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…

Single-line Electrical Diagrams

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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…

The Basics of Control Relays

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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…

Metering Pumps

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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…

Temperature Switches

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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…

Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs)

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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…

Input/Output (I/O) Capabilities of PLCs

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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…

Digital Multimeter (DMM) Tips and Tricks

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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…

Use of Line Reactors

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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…

Classified Areas and Electrical Safety Measures

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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…

Digital Representation of Numerical Data

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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…