The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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