As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
Potential transformers step voltage up or down to prioritize…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…
