Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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