A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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