An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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