A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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