A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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