It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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