While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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