Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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