Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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