Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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