Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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