There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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