There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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