There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
