There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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