There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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