Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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