There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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