Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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