Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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