A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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