Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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