“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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