“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…