“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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