“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
Programmable logic controllers are built to input various signal types…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe.…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
