To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary)…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
A very helpful method for understanding the operation of proportional,…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
