“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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