“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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