“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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