“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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