“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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