“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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