“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but…
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium…
A very helpful method for understanding the operation of proportional,…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
