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Basic Components Common to all Radio Systems

Textbook

“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…

Flow Measurement in Open Channels

Textbook

Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…

Dampers and Louvres

Textbook

A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…

Learn Fundamental Principles, not Procedures

Textbook

“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…

Change-of-quantity Flow Measurement

Textbook

Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…

Tube and Tube Fittings

Textbook

Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…

Introduction to Power System Automation

Textbook

Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…

Ethernet networks: Repeaters, Cabling and Switching Hubs

Textbook

An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…

Electrical Pressure Elements

Textbook

Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…

Function Block Diagram (FBD) Programming

Textbook

(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)

Variable-area Flowmeters

Textbook

An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…

Structured Text (ST) Programming

Textbook

(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)

Metering Pumps

Textbook

A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…

“Normal” status of a Process Switch

Textbook

Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…

Safety Gas Analyzers

Textbook

Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…

Ratio Control

Textbook

Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…

Controller Output Current Loops

Textbook

The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…

2-wire (“loop-powered”) Transmitter Current Loops

Textbook

It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…

Quantitative PID Tuning Procedures

Textbook

A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…

Electromagnetism Basics

Textbook

The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…

Comparison of Op-Amp Circuits With Analogous Pneumatic Mechanisms

Textbook

Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…

Introduction to Modbus

Textbook

Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…

On/off Shut-off Valves

Textbook

An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…

Temperature Switches

Textbook

A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Segment Troubleshooting

Textbook

Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…

Ions in Liquid Solutions

Textbook

Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…

Using Manometers for Measuring Pressure

Textbook

A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…

Standardized Volumetric Flow

Textbook

The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…

Distance (21) Protection

Textbook

A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…

Ladder Diagram (LD) Programming Contacts and Coils

Textbook

In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…

Ladder Diagram (LD) Structure Commands

Textbook

The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…

Zero and Span Adjustments (Analog Instruments)

Textbook

Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to…

Non-contact Temperature Sensors

Textbook

Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…

Solenoid Valves

Textbook

A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…

Common Control Valve Problems

Textbook

Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…

Teaching Diagnostic Principles and Practices

Textbook

Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…

Derivative (Rate) Control

Textbook

The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…

Advantages and Disadvantages of Pneumatic Instruments

Textbook

The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…

Digital PID Algorithms

Textbook

Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…

Heuristic PID Tuning Procedures

Textbook

In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…

Electrical Pressure Elements

Textbook

Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…