“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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